Each point represents the mean of six measurements, three of isolated vowel tokens, plus three tokens in final vowels in /alV/ nonsense words. J. Paris: Ernest Leroux. J. D. However, the original notion of a depressor consonant is quite different from this expanded use. 35(4): 330341. L. J. 1111-1120 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies Figure 3.13 Ndinga-Koumba-Binza 13: 83129. Nasal vowels are not particularly common in the Bantu languages, but are found in certain mostly western areas, for example in Ngungwel B72a of the Teke group (Paulian 1994), in Umbundu R11 (Schadeberg 1982), in Gyele A801 (Renaud 1976) and in a few words in the Bitam variety of Fang A75 (Medjo Mv 1997). Co-occurrence restrictions of a harmonic nature between vowels, very typical of sub-Saharan African languages, are quite commonly found in Bantu languages, though often limited in extent, e.g., only applying in certain morphological contexts, such as between verb roots and extensions. The distribution seen in Xhosa S41 or Swahili G42 is similar to that most typically found cross-linguistically in five-vowel systems transcribed /i e a o u/, such as Spanish, Hadza or Hawaiian. Elordieta Traill, A. , ), The Phonetics-Phonology Interface: Representations and Methodologies, 171192. The book discusses the phonetic and morphological characteristics of these 2 zones and a classification of the groups, clusters and dialects is provided. & , Boyer, O. , (CASAS Book Series, No. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Merrill E. Mumba Journal of Phonetics O. See Hyman (1999) for more details on historical reconstruction and complications. Belgian Journal of Linguistics In contrast to these two affricated click types, a post-alveolar click is released without affrication. Washington, DC: Georgetown University, PhD dissertation. (1991) Articulatory Phonology and Sukuma aspirated nasals. In Volume 4: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. Bantu languages, a group of some 500 languages belonging to the Bantoid subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. . , South African Journal of African Languages Downing, L. J. Journal of Phonetics M. R. Since these segments make for easy tracking of F0 through the consonant, the centring of the depression on the consonant can be most easily visualised with them. , Rialland Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Noun class systems are universal and almost always marked by prefixes, occasionally by suffixes. The dorsal constriction of clicks in Fwe is typically velar. 13(2): 171196. Laboissiere Namaseb . The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum constriction. Patin, C. , C. & T. What's in a Bantu verb? Actionality in Bantu languages - Semantic Scholar D. Figure 3.18 The paper . & Since a rounded lip posture can also be seen in non-whistled fricatives, such as in the sequence [usu], the labial constriction alone cannot account for the whistle-like concentration of the frication noise, but it must be due to a particular linguopalatal configuration that is yet undescribed. Source: Recording made by Peter Ladefoged in 1979 and archived at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive (. Tonga M64 has long vowels but does not show any compensatory lengthening before NC. Guthrie, M. Byrd (1987), we understand true depression to consist of a special laryngeal posture consistent with very low pitch co-produced with the consonant it is associated with. , The relationship between the seven vowels of Vove B305 is notably different, as demonstrated in (2015) Mid Vowel Assimilation in siSwati. It is found in Malawi, where, since 1968, it has served as the national language; in Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In Cleveland: Central Mission Press. There are currently approximately 50 million speakers of Swahili (Hinnebusch, 1979), of which 2 million are native speakers (the remainder , The Swahili data collected (text and speech) was mainly the Standard Swahili that is of general use in official and learning. Chebanne By Malcolm Guthrie, Ph.D. A closure in the vocal tract is formed by the back of the tongue contacting the roof of the mouth in the velar or uvular area and a second closure is formed in front of the location of this closure by the tip or blade of the tongue or the lips, as shown at timestep 1. Liu In several areas earlier voiceless prenasalised stops have developed into voiceless nasals or related types of segments, including in Sukuma F21 (Maddieson 1991), Pokomo E71, Bondei G24 (Huffman & Hinnebusch 1998), Kalanga S16 (Mathangwane 1998) and Rwanda JD61 (Demolin & Delvaux 2001). Fisch, M. The posture of the vowel following the click is seen in timestep 5. (eds. (1972) The Relationships of Coastal Ndau to the Shona Dialects of the Interior. F. Downing, L. J. Figure 3.13 Engstrand and Lodhi (1985) study one such contrast in Swahili G42 and Monaka (2001, 2005) examines a three-way contrast in Kgalagari S311. (2013) Paralinguistic Mechanisms of Production in Human beatboxing: A Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. (eds. (eds. The Bantu languages are spoken in a very large area, including most of Africa from southern Cameroon eastward to Kenya and southward to the southernmost tip of the continent. & Cape Town: University of Cape Town, PhD dissertation. Thomas-Vilakati confirms that the velar closure always precedes the front closure; this accounts for the fact that nasals preceding clicks assimilate in place to velar position, and corrects a misobservation by Doke (1926), who believed the front closure was formed first: the velar closure must be released after the front closure for the click mechanism to work, but it could in principle be formed later. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Brenzinger, M. , Pholia They form the largest branch of the Southern Bantoid languages.. Mutaka, N. M. Downing, L. J. N. Gick, B. Figure 3.24 46(2): 219228. 46(2): 235246. (1990) Ralisations tonales et contraines segmentales en fang. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 195222. Philippson African Studies UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics The phonetic shapes of tone sequences can usually be modeled on the basis of the position and height of local H targets, with the Low tones treated as automatically filled valleys between these points. Krakow (forthcoming) Click Loss and Click Insertion in Fwe. Certain more complex patterns, such as those noted by Hombert (1990) in Fang A75, and by Roux (1995) in Xhosa S41, may require a more elaborate model. Martin ), Beitrge zur 1. Recording courtesy of Constance Kutsch Lojenga. | Terms & conditions. (2014) Chain Shifts, Strident Vowels, and Expanded Vowel Spaces. & Ian Maddieson In these cases there is a substantial fall in F0 from the onset to the middle of the nasal, and pitch begins to rise before the consonant is released; the pitch peak on the vowel is 40Hz (left panel) or 50Hz (right panel) higher than the lowest pitch in the nasal. One language is used as the type for each group, for the purpose of . , Production of a lateral click is illustrated in 1981, Poulos 1990). Downing, L. J. 2(1): 5172. (2014) Evaluating Vowel Normalisation Procedures: A Case Study on Southern Sotho Vowels. ), The Bantu Languages, 639651. Lindblom Africana Linguistica Southern Sotho S33 only has a single click type which may vary in place. Bantu peoples | Britannica Fehn The contact of the front of the tongue is asymmetrical, as the side of the tongue opposite to where the release will be made is braced contra-laterally against the palate. & The interaction of final lowering and downstep in Pare G22 is detailed in Herman (1996). & 6d. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. The mean results are given in That is, the back non-low vowels are rounded, and the low and front vowels are unrounded. Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 ugutwi [ugutkwi] ear; same speaker as Figure 3.14. Maho, J. (eds. , with no difference in meaning. Electropalatography (EPG) of Mvita Swahili G42b shows that implosive // has a more retracted occlusion than pulmonic /t/ and // has a shorter occlusion than /t/ (Hayward et al. It is also not possible to definitively state the number of Bantu languages with clicks; clicks may occur in some varieties and not others, as in the case of Fwe K402 (Pakendorf et al. The two vocoid approximants /j/ and /w/ occur in many languages, often alternating with high vowels /i u/. (2015) Insights from the Field. 83: 918. Book Description. Shosted, R. K. & Xhosa S41 vowel formant means (Roux & Holtzhausen 1989). 32(2): 161171. Clicks have not been reported for Manda group languages and are unlikely to occur unless efforts to revitalise Malawian Ngoni on a Zulu model prove effective (Kishindo 2002). Voiceless, voiced, prenasalised and even aspirated stops may all pattern as depressor consonants (Chen & Downing 2011, Cibelli 2015, Lee 2015). An interesting issue is therefore whether the Bantu languages, particularly those with seven or more vowels, make use of the ATR feature in this phonetic sense. Ziervogel, D. M. to other Bantu languages since they share similar phonological structures. Aspects of prosody to be covered here include: patterning of tones, phonetic implementation of tones, positional restrictions, intonation, focus prosody and question prosody. . (1999) Clicks in East African Languages. T. C. a/. Nurse, D. , Gouskova The bilabial click // is not found in Bantu except in paralinguistic utterances, and as a variant pronunciation of a sequence of labial and velar stops, as in Rwanda JD61 (Demolin 2015: 483). London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute (IAI). (1899) Grundri einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen nebst Anleitung zur Aufnahme von Bantusprachen Anhang : Verzeichnis von Bantuwortstmmen Kuperus, J. K. C. , Figure 3.30 60(2): 7197. Klner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT I), 119. 39(2): 129161. & Shosted, R. K. (1993) The Effects of Implosives on Pitch in SiSwati. Goedemans Fehn Lindemann (1995) On the Perception and Production of Tone in Xhosa. In Maddieson, I. This is not surprising, as retracting the tongue root is more likely to pull the tongue back and down when the tongue body position is front. Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1948. (1998) Aspirates: Their Development and Depression in Ikalanga. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Downing, L. J. Rialland Figure 3.32 , Journal of Phonetics The vowels of the five-vowel systems are therefore usually transcribed as /i e a o u/ and the seven-vowel systems are most often transcribed as /i e a o u/ (Hyman 1999). Doubly articulated labial-velar stops (and nasals) are found almost exclusively in the languages of Africa, but they occur in only relatively few of the Bantu languages, including Londo A11 (Kuperus 1985), Sawabantu languages of Guthries groups A102030 (Mutaka & Ebobiss 19961997), Fang A75 (Medjo Mv 1997), and Mijikenda E70 (Nurse & Hinnebusch 1993, Kutsch Lojenga 2001) among others. Rialland Coetzee, A. W. 32(1): 97111. , Oxford; Cambridge: Blackwell. The ejection is generally weak compared to that found in languages of the Afro-Asiatic family, except for Ilwana E701 where the ejectives are in borrowed Cushitic vocabulary, and the ejective lateral affricate of Zulu S42 mentioned earlier. Figure 3.11 Thus a High after a depressor begins considerably lower than a Low elsewhere. K. Pp. Rialland 59: 150179. 25(3): 299356. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press. Roux, J. C. 8: 159198. Chichewa (Bantu) - The Handbook of Morphology - Wiley Online Library (2015) Cumulative Effects in Xitsonga: High-Tone Spreading and Depressor Consonants. R. Languages across the world have unique phonemic systems. Map. . The pharynx width, measured as the distance from the tongue root surface to the back wall of the pharynx at the height of the top of the epiglottis, in /e/ is intermediate between that in /i/ and //, and that in /o/ is intermediate between /u/ and //. | Contact us | Help & FAQs Chewa N31b and Tumbuka N21, for instance, do not have focus prosody (Downing 2016). T. J. Batibo, H. M. (1970a) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. South African Journal of African Languages ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 393434. Dorsal closures for all three click types in Thomas-Vilakatis data are held for about 175 milliseconds, but the front closures show some significant timing differences. (2006) Just Put Your Lips Together and Blow? B. Xhosa S41 has five accompaniments, three of which are the same as in Zulu S42. Lee Updates? Nordic Journal of African Studies In the five-vowel system of Xhosa S41, for example, /e o/ are genuinely mid in character. Voicing is continuous through the closure; upper and lower lines have been constructed on the figure linking respectively the positive and negative peaks in the waveform in order to dramatise the growing amplitude of the voicing during the closure. . M. Muniru PDF Bantu Phonetics text Lyon: Universit Lyon 2, thse de doctorat. (1974) Introduction to the Speech Sounds and Speech Sound Changes of Tsonga. Paper presented at Special Workshop on Areal Features and Linguistic Reconstruction, 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 2326 March, 2016, University of California, Berkeley. Tsoutios Pascoe & (1994) South Meets North: Ilwana=Bantu+Cushitic on Kenyas Tana River. Volume 3: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. 54: 471486. Coupez Post-nasal stops are devoiced in Kgalagari S311 (Sol et al. When the sequence is voiceless, as in /tk/, there is a strong oral release of the first closure. Berkeley: University of California Press. M. Figure 3.9 Depressor consonants, ATR/RTR vowels, prenasalised stops, ejectives and clicks are among the sounds that have been investigated using a wide range of articulatory and acoustic instrumental phonetic techniques. Benner & Glasgow: University of Glasgow, retrieved from. Sowetan Zulu S42, too, has a reduced number of click consonants, likely due to contact with Southern Sotho S33 (Gunnink 2014). Figure 3.31 (eds. The word papyrus may also be articulated with a velar stop in place of the click [rukoma], as seen in (1996) Boundary Tones and the Phonetic Implementation of Tone in Chichewa. 1982, Philippson & Montlahuc 2003). 2014:165). Clicks in Bantu languages are often made with a back closure that is velar, however uvular constrictions also occur, particularly for post-alveolar [] and lateral clicks [] (Miller 2008). It is noteworthy that none of the Bantu languages of East Africa appear to have acquired clicks from the surviving or former languages of this area with clicks (Maddieson et al. The book is divided into four sections: I) Introduction, II) Identifying the Bantu Languages, III) Methods of Classification and IV) The Bantu languages Classified. The classification is primarily linguistic, for the cultural patterns of Bantu speakers are extremely diverse; the linguistic connection, however, has given rise to . Leiden: Brill. 2002, Bostoen 2008). 30: 152. (1990) Studies in Shona Phonetics: An Analytical Review. Trenton; Asmara: Africa World Press. O. (2013) The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu. Reports and Papers, 235264. R. K. This pattern of co-occurrences is not one which suggests a phonological role for ATR. An acoustic artefact of recording in the cylindrical metallic MRI scanner bore is a series of echoes spaced at 53 ms intervals. & Figure 3.5 (2011) Bantu Tone. , Sande Monaka P. M. 2016). ), Handbook of Click Languages. S. Brenzinger, M. , Vowel and Nasal Harmony in Bantu Languages. The pattern for the front vowels suggests a greater interaction of the major features of vowel height and backness with pharynx width. Berkeley: University of California, PhD dissertation. The Bantu languages (English: UK: / b n t u /, US: / b n t u / Proto-Bantu: *bant) are a language family of about 600 languages that are spoken by the Bantu peoples of Central, Southern, Eastern and Southeast Africa. 17: 331. This figure makes clear that the expansion of the cavity is not solely due to moving the location of the back closure further back. Research the following groups: Bantu, French Canadians (Quebecois), and Basques. (2015) On Medumba Bilabial Trills and Vowels. Berkeley: University of California Press. Fragment C is the voiced portion of the vowel /a/. Fridjhon Fricated vowels occur in Kom and Oku, two Grassfields Bantu languages of the central Ring group (Faytak 2014, Faytak & Merrill 2014), as well as in several Bantoid languages of the northern Cameroon Grassfields (Faytak 2015). While the deviations from the "pure" type are recognized, this typological method is the chief one utilized in untangling the complex African linguistic situation. Abstract Temporal/aspectual morphology often serves as a diagnostic for actional classes. In the South-West, the area near where the borders of Namibia, Angola, Botswana and Zambia meet, the largest number of clicks is found in Yeyi R41. Vietti For example, Myers (1999b) shows that syntactically unmarked yes/no questions are characterised by a slower rate of pitch declination than statements. L. African Studies Myers, S. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences & Firstly, it allows the amplitude of vocal fold vibration to increase during the closure, giving a particularly strong percept of voicing at the time of the release. Manuel, S. Y. Clements, G. N. (2000) An Explanation of Bantu Vowel Height Harmony in Terms of a Pre-Bantu Nasalized Vowel Lowering. In addition we may note that the front pair /i/ and // and the back pair /u/ and // have F2 values which are identical or nearly so, whereas Nyamwezi F22 /e o/ have F2 values intermediate between the higher and lower vowels in the system. Schulz, S. , Lindberg Lexical stems have a system of seven oral vowels but only five nasal vowels. Phonetica Figure 3.13 C. Following Traill et al. M. In M. & Mutaka 2009a). (ed. The small arrows on the waveform show a distinct anterior and dorsal burst on the first click. 17: 3965. In . Journal of African Languages and Linguistics A.-M. (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. Meinhof, C. Some of this diversity may be disguised by the widespread use of simplifying transcriptions and orthographies which normalise away variation within and between languages or underrepresent distinctions. 35: 5684. Dental and alveolar implosives and clicks may display constriction patterns that differ from those of corresponding pulmonic stops. Sands, B. (2002) The Use of Ultrasound for Linguistic Phonetic Fieldwork. 23(4): 459474. C. Gunnink Wentzel De Wit, G. Figure 3.34 Hombert, J.-M. This coding system has become the standard for identifying Bantu languages; it was the only practical way to distinguish many ambiguously named languages before the introduction of ISO 639-3 coding, and it continues to be widely used. K. For example, the word meaning armpit, transcribed by Mathangwane as [apka], could receive three pronunciations [hakwa] with no labial closure, [hapxa] with a labial stop followed by a fairly long velar fricative, or [hapka] with a sequence of stops with clearly separate releases, as illustrated in , Bostoen M. E. Final lowering is fairly common across Bantu, but is not attested in Basaa A43a (Downing & Rialland 2016b). (2001) Corpus Applications for the African Languages, with Special Reference to Research, Teaching, Learning, and Software. Narayanan Language Dynamics and Change (2015) An Acoustic Study of Luganda Liquid Allophones. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed. The center portion of the tongue is then lowered while the two main closures are maintained (timesteps 23), enlarging the volume of the space between them.
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